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Kf3f3@8< Pʚ;د1ʚ;g4BdBdх T0\pp <4!d!d8!0lL߅<4dddd8!0lL߅<4BdBd8!0lL߅___PPT10 .4Richard Greene. ..R.W. Greene.R___PPT94/ 0\xWho s in Prison? The Changing Demographics of Incarceration == 3Amanda Bailey Public Policy Institute of California?Why Study Prisoners?Prison population growing 3 times faster than the state population Corrections expenditures increasing Per capita: $109 in 1990; $194 in 2006 $8.7 billion in 2006-07 budget Recent attention to the system Federal interventions Ballot measuresLgG&gG&@Our ContributionCombines administrative and survey data to describe the adult prison population Provides a demographic profile of who s in California prisons Examines effects of legislation on prison population GOutlineWDemographic profile Effects of policy interventions Summary and policy considerations MHPrison Population Has Grown Three Times as Rapidly as General Population04N"Imprisonment Affects Many Familiesa d!Latinos Constitute the Largest Race/Ethnic Group among Male Prisoners& K & But Incarceration Rates are Far Higher for African-American MenN /One in Six Prisoners Was Born Outside the U.S."Foreign-born make up 17% of prison population; 35% of California adult population Most foreign-born prisoners are from Mexico (60%), El Salvador (4%), or Vietnam (3%) Lower incarceration rates among foreign-born Foreign-born: 297 per 100,000 Native-born: 813 per 100,000&;;O,Most Prisoners Have Little Formal Education  O:Inland and Poorer Counties Have Higher Incarceration Rates [BInland Areas Contribution RisingQOutlineWDemographic profile Effects of policy interventions Summary and policy considerations &X #<*Legislation that Affects Prison PopulationThree Strikes and You re Out (1994) 25 years to life for third strike Double sentence for second strike Enhancement for any felony or serious offense Truth in Sentencing (1994) Violent offenders serve 85% of sentence Prop. 36, a.k.a. Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 Drug treatment instead of incarceration$r(D($S(D(  CxA Fifth of Prisoners are  Permanent Residents of the System=<  ,OPrisoners Serving Time for Violent Crimes Increasing in Share, Absolute Numbersi#t&y(Prison Population is AgingK2Admission Rates Increasing Among Older Age Groups TOutlineWDemographic profile Effects of policy interventions Summary and policy considerations &X5"UFinding: High Turnover RatesMore than 120,000 prisoners leave prisons each year Policy considerations Higher turnover means high administrative costs Many low-skilled people returning to communities Communicable and infectious diseases are brought back to communities 2K KV#Finding: Many Families are AffectedMost prisoners are parents of a minor child Policy considerations Who is caring for all these inmates children while they are imprisoned for longer terms? Healthy, successful re-entry improves ability to care for family&BB\#Finding: Prison Population Is AgingNLonger sentences are being imposed and more time is being served Incarceration and admissions are increasing among older population Policy considerations: Cost of incarcerating older prisoners is 2 to 3 times higher than for other inmates Prison healthcare system under federal receivership Cutbacks to other rehabilitation programs 2 ] Thank youpPlease continue exploring PPIC s website at www.ppic.org(9(P-$ $, \J0,8/>bfjk l w{!-01359;<=>@ABFGP[  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` IZssVf>?" dd@$?dddd%  " % K %-d n?" dZ(@   @@``PT)2 H    ` p>> [S(     `xaxa1 ?"  9Title \   ` xaxa1 ?"H@  ZFirst level bullet First level dash Second level bullet Second level dash Third level dash [  TX= 8c 8c1?"L S  a$  Z< 8c 8c8c?"4 \* 0h    Z" 8c 8c8c?" ?PPIC h   `8c?"B  s *IZs~Rm ? IZssVf Board Briefingx 0 ( 0( @@B@     `(xaxa1 ?"  T Click to edit Master title style! !   `xaxa1 ?"   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Y San Francisco0Z G {t < Ex n(Incarceration Rates (per 100,000 adults)*)Z(CL |t c $nnn@   }t <H5 K< 400*ZCL ~t c $nnnd@  t <`H O 400 - 699* Z CL t c $Innn%@  t 6 @ O 700 - 999* Z CL t c $vnnn@ Q t <0| L1,000+*ZCH t 0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.ao+D='  = @B + F0  %NK(  ~  s *D     N$8c? | 1 N #"."*hhhhhh1 J H  8c?"``  K45% H H  8c?"` ` K14% F H  8c?"`  XLos Angeles County C H 8c?"``\   @ A H 8c?"`\ `  @ ? H 8c?"`\   > ; H  8c?"``W \  K87% 9 H  8c?"`W `\  K39% 7 H|  8c?"`W \  XSan Joaquin Valley  H  8c?"``1 K24%   H  8c?"``W  L116%   H  8c?"`` L221%   H'  8c?"`` t,Prison Population Growth Rate 1990-2005--   Hx5  8c?"``W  K26%   H>  8c?"`W  Q South Coast    H(F  8c?"``1 K19%  H`O 8c?1 NBay Area    HW  8c?"`` K48%  H` 8c? S Inland Empire  Hi  8c?"`` q) Adult Population Growth Rate 1990-2005**  H8r 8c? >fB  6o ?`B  01 ?`B  01 ?fB   6o ?11fB ! 6o ?1`B " 01 ?1`B # 01 ?``1fB $ 6o ?1ZB % s *1 ?W W ZB 8 s *1 ?\ \ ZB @ s *1 ?  ZB G s *1 ?H  0~Rm ? 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IZssL___PPT10i.n+D='  = @B +0  5(     6|G"`]R oWomen00 C]..]]   6PJ"`  m29%00 C]..]]  6$S"`  r  m36%00 C]..]]  6d"`\ m30%00 C]..]]  6g"` l5%00 C]..]]  6(r^ mMen00 C]..]]  6   m52%00 C]..]]  6X< m20%00 C]..]]  6\   m20%00 C]..]]  6XF P,  l8%00 C]..]]N   C 3f8"`1 s  ! 6D   xViolent Crimes00 C]..]]N # C 8"`Ds $ 6,{ yProperty Crimes00 C]..]]N % C 8"`,s & 6l u Drug Crimes0 0  C]..]]N ' C 8"`s ( 6< v Other Crimes0 0  C]..]] + c $|   @,Prop. 36 Provisions Could Affect Women Morel . 6A8c?"`P < l / 6A8c?"`I H  0~Rm ? 33___PPT10i.NВO+D='  = @B +=0 <<s<(  L  c $X99?N   C 1"` > N   C 1"`m < N  C 1"` : N  C 1"`8 N  C 1"`8 N  C 1"`5 N  C 1"`6 N  C 1"` 2 N  C 1"` 0 N  C 1"` / N  C 1"` . N  C 1"`H + N  C 1"`< , N  C 1"`0 * N  C 1"`( ( N  C 1"` ' N  C 1"` > N  C 1"`l <m N  C 1"` : N  C 1"`8N   C 1"`v8N ! C 1"`5N " C 1"`6 N # C 1"`g 2 N $ C 1"`N 0 N % C 1"`V / N & C 1"`j .  N ' C 1"` +H N ( C 1"`,< N ) C 1"`*0 N * C 1"`(( N + C 1"`o' N , C 1"`k <l N - C 1"` : N . C 1"`8N / C 1"`s8vN 0 C 1"` 5N 1 C 1"`6 N 2 C 1"`= 2 gN 3 C 1"` 0 NN 4 C 1"` / VN 5 C 1"`" . jN 6 C 1"`V +N 7 C 1"`B,N 8 C 1"`4*N 9 C 1"`'(N : C 1"`'oN ; C 1"`4 > N < C 1"` <k N = C 1"`: N > C 1"`/8N ? C 1"`8sN @ C 1"`}5 N A C 1"`6 N B C 1"` 2 =N C C 1"`b 0 N D C 1"`U / N E C 1"`X . "N F C 1"` +VN G C 1"`h,BN H C 1"`P*4N I C 1"`<('N J C 1"`'N K C 1"`* >4 N L C 1"`< N M C 1"`:N N C 1"`8/N O C 1"`8N P C 1"`h5}N Q C 1"`6 N R C 1"`z 2 N S C 1"`F 0 bN T C 1"`9 / UN U C 1"`: . XN V C 1"`e +N W C 1"`E,hN X C 1"`+*PN Y C 1"`(<N Z C 1"`'N [ C 1"`( >* N \ C 1"`<N ] C 1"`:N ^ C 1"`8N _ C 1"`8N ` C 1"`d5hN a C 1"`6 N b C 1"`t 2 zN c C 1"`@ 0 FN d C 1"`1 / 9N e C 1"`4 . :N f C 1"`^ +eN g C 1"`>,EN h C 1"`$*+N i C 1"`(N j C 1"`':B k 3 F :B l 3  u :B m 3  u :B n 3  u :B o 3  u :B p 3  u :B q 3  u :B r 3 u:B s 3 #u$:B t 3 6u7:B u 3 FuG:B v 3  t :B w 3   :B x 3   :B y 3   :B z 3   :B { 3   :B | 3   :B } 3   :B ~ 3  :B  3   :B  3  }  :B  3  | ~ :B  3  { | :B  3  xz :B  3  yy :B  3  uv :B  3  sv :B  3  tt   6Pfz ' k000 C]..]]  6q {39  p20,00000 C]..]]  6} {3K  p40,00000 C]..]]  6X {3\  p60,00000 C]..]]  6 {3m  p80,00000 C]..]]  6m 08  q100,00000 C]..]]  6H 08 q120,00000 C]..]]  6 08 q140,00000 C]..]]  6̛ 08 q160,00000 C]..]]  6@ 08 q180,00000 C]..]]  6  h n199000 C]..]]  6`  a n199500 C]..]]  6  [  n200000 C]..]]  6`  R n200500 C]..]]N  C 1"`6  6 #H0 s Death Row0 0  C]..]]N  C 1"``  6X H? yLife w/o Parole00 C]..]]N  C 1"`+   6 Hc  oLifer00 C]..]]N  C 1"`    6H H6  u 3rd Striker0 0  C]..]]N  C 1"`\    6I H8  u 2nd Striker0 0  C]..]]N  C 1"`&    6 Hm  ~Determinate Sentence00 C]..]]   c $%   Emergence of  Strikers Shifts Prison Population Into Longer SentencesH  0~Rm ? 33___PPT10i.N'+D='  = @B +( 0 '' :x'(  ~  s *   & l`t   #"2&D        B 8c?"`0/ `4  @  B 8c?"`/ 04  @  B 8c?"` / 4  @  B  8c?"` / 4  @  B  8c?"`/ 4  f Incarceration Rates per 100,000 !!  B`  8c?"`04 `T  K646  Bt  8c?"`4 0T  K708  B  8c?"` 4 T  K722  B  8c?"` 4 T  K550  B.  8c?"`4 T  K<25  B'  8c?"`0T `t  K185 } B?  8c?"`T 0t  K147 { B0H  8c?"` T t  J89 y BP  8c?"` T t  J59 w B(Y  8c?"`T t  K50+ $ Ba 8c?0` K11% " B j 8c?0 J8%   Br 8c?  J5%  B{ 8c?   J4%  B 8c?  K50+  BT 8c?0`/  @  Bl 8c?0/  @  B 8c? /  @  B 8c?  /  @  B 8c? /  >  Bȵ 8c?0` K14%  BD 8c?0 K15%  Bl 8c?  K17%  B 8c?   M20%   BT 8c?  K<25  B 8c?0` >  BH 8c?0 >  B` 8c?  >  B 8c?   >  B 8c?  WPrison Population  B` 8c?0l` L2005  Bt 8c?l0 L2000  B 8c? l L1995  BP 8c? l  L1990  B. 8c?l  >`B  0o ?l`lZB  s *1 ?`ZB  s *1 ?`ZB  s *1 ?`ZB  s *1 ?/ `/ `B  0o ?t `t `B  0o ?lt ZB  s *1 ? l t ZB  s *1 ? l t ZB   s *1 ?lt ZB   s *1 ?0l0t `B   0o ?`l`t ZB  s *1 ?`ZB  s *1 ?T `T ZB  s *1 ?4 `4 H  0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.n+D='  = @B +q" 90 !! =4 !(  4r 4 S     R G4 s *X99?`@B I4 C   @B J4 C   @B K4 C } ~ @B L4 C @B M4 C {|@B N4 C @B O4 C  @B P4 C  m@B Q4 C  m @B R4 C  m @B S4 C } m~ @B T4 C m@B U4 C {m|@B V4 C m@B W4 C  @B X4 C  7@B Y4 C  7@B Z4 C  CD7@B [4 C  7@B \4 C  7@B ]4 C  / 0 7@B ^4 C  ~  7@B _4 C  7@B `4 C  7@B a4 C  jk7@B b4 C  7@B c4 C  7@B d4 C  UV7@B e4 C  7 f4 B CwDE4F<  vwW1J": L P S@s M  g4  B CDE4F<  PAJvAr  9@"`iM` h4 B CDE4F<f  jJ  ( K@H M  i4  B CJDE4F<  JIJG?2!  @"`L M  j4 <A   3 O02ZG k4 <F    Q2002ZG l4 <K  1  Q4002ZG m4 <P    Q6002ZG n4 <U / Q8002ZG o4 <[  R10002ZG p4 <0` - R12002ZG q4 B;Le / R19902ZG r4 B;hj . R19912ZG s4 B;o /(g R19922ZG t4 B;t /w R19932ZG u4 B;y .  R19942ZG v4 B;~ . S  R19952ZG w4 B; .b  R19962ZG x4 B; /  R19972ZG y4 B;, . @ R19982ZG z4 B;H .M R19992ZG {4 B;d / R20002ZG |4 B; ., R20012ZG }4 B; .:z R20022ZG ~4 B w  gper 100,000 in population2ZG 4 <  `Th  Q<252ZG 4 <ر `X S25-392ZG 4 <  `  S40-492ZGff 4 <  `T  Q50+2ZGH 4 0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.V=+D='  = @B + @0  <(  ~  s *(    ~  s * H   H  0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.ns+D='  = @B +} A0  $(  r  S L    r  S $ H    H  0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.z# p+D='  = @B +} B0  $(  r  S $    r  S   ,   H  0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.zPDq+D='  = @B + G0  0(  x  c $`    x  c $$ lW7   H  0~Rm ? IZssL___PPT10i.zரq+D='  = @B + 0aN0   <(   ~   s *'   ~   s *<բHl  H   0~Rm ? 3333̙3___PPT10i.Q@+D='  = @B +0 B:@( x@`X@ d  c $ q`   .  ZH[[8c ? b%   VThank you for attending this briefing today. Thanks to my co-author Joe Hayes  an equal & balanced effort on our parts Thanks also to Debbie & Hans, our advisors on the project, who provided guidance & helpful feedback Information presented today is from the August edition of California Counts, a publication that highlights the demographic characteristics of California population. And this is PPIC s first publication to deal with the state s corrections system. As such we provide a broad treatment of the adult prison population. Our goal was to describe California s prison population today and how it has changed over the past 15 years. So now, let s talk about prisoners& H  0.k ? P 0 `(  d  c $XK    3 r\=ee#" 0e )   zAlthough it s true that younger adults are overrepresented in the prison population (point out first set of bars), we see here that middle-aged adults (the 30-49 year-olde group) are even more disproportionately represented in the prison system: We see that 57% of the prison population falls into this age group, compared with only 41% of the general adult population. Turning next to race and ethnicity of prisoners we see that& <next slide>6ULH  0.k ? 3380___PPT10.N0DK 0   (  ^  S q`     NO[[  )   h2Overall, 44% of prisoners do have a high school diploma or GED. We know that educational attainment varies by race/ethnicity in the general population and here we observe that even among those groups with low educ attainment, education is even lower among prisoners. Over 60% of Latinos have not completed high school compared with just over 30% of African Americans and whites. Between 14 and 17% of prisoners of all races and ethnicities, though, have earned their GED in prison, which along with participating in vocational classes, has been shown to reduce recidivism and provide skills for employment upon release. Cautionary note here: these data are from 1997 and given the recent overcrowding patterns in prisons, it s likely that GED and vocational classes have been limited so the share earning GED in prison has likely diminished. Source: Survey of Inmates in State and Correctional Facilities, 1997H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.oc #0 0(  d  c $XK   v 3 rfee#" 0e )   `Most clearly, it affects women more than men; as of yearend 2005 women serve time for drugs more often than do men (30% versus 20% for men). Only 20% of men are serving time for property crimes, compared to 36% for women. The breakdown for violent crime also varies quite a bit by gender: a majority of men (52%) are imprisoned for violence, while only 29% of women are. And the penalties for those violent crimes are severe <next slide> Source: Table 2, tab  pivot 80,90-05 Source: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Dec. 31, 2005,O0 " d21H  0.k ? 3380___PPT10.NB_!0 @o(  ^  S q`     NXw[[  )   ;Nonwhites constitute just over half of the general population but they make up nearly three-quarters of the prison populaton. Looking just at men, here, we see that the largest race/ethnic group is Latinos, African Americans and white constitute about the same perentages and only 6% are of another race or ethnicty. Compared to their numbers in the general population, however, Latinos and African Americans, in particular, are overrepresented in prisons. While Latinos are 38% of the male prison population (in blue), they represent only 35% of male adults in the state (in yellow). African American men, constitute 29% of prisoners, come from a paltry 7% of adults men in the state. Conversely, white men constitute 27% of male prisoners but 44% of adult men in the general state population. Women have similar patterns as men except that white women are a larger share of the prison population than Latino women. Incarceration rates best illustrate the disproportionate imprisonment of non-whites. Latino AA White Other Men Prisoners 38 29 27 6 Adult Men 35 7 44 14 Women-similar pattern, except white women are the majority (39%), followed by AA (29%), Latina (28%), Other (5%).  >s  $~H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.o 0 0 P@(  ^  S q`     N}[[  )   Define incarceration rate: # people in state prison per 100,000 adults in the population We see here that 5,125 per 100,000 African American men were incarcerated in 2005. This rate is 4.5 times higher than Latino men, and 7x higher than white men. Approximately 1 of every 12 African American men ages 25-29 in California are currently incarcerated. Note incarceration rates for women here; Similar pattern as men, except Latino women have lower rates than White women H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.oqB &0    (  d  c $XK     3 ree#" 0e )     In 1990, 90% of state prisoners were serving a sentence of determinate length, while 10% were serving either a term of life, life without parole, or death. Beginning in 1994, with the passage of Three Strikes legislation, new felony admissions who had previously been convicted of serious or violent felonies began to be classified as Second Strikers or Third Strikers. Here we see the resulting change in sentence type for California prisoners. At yearend 2005, after the first full year of implementation of Three Strikes, 11 percent of prisoners were serving time handed down under this law, while another 11% were serving a term of life or more. The category of offenders known collectively as strikers continued to grow throughout the 90s in absolute and percentage terms. In recent years, the number of Second Strikers has begun to stabilize around the level of 35,000 while the number of Third Strikers continues to climb, having reached 7815 in 2005. Collectively, strikers account for 26% of the prison population, who are serving sentences that are unambiguously longer than what they d have been in the absence of the law. The change in the age structure of the prison population during the same time has been unambiguous  the prison population is aging. <next slide>H  0.k ? 3380___PPT10.N0DK(0 0(  d  c $q`     Nǎ[[  )   nZIn 1990, 20% of prisoners were younger than 25; in 2005, only 14% were. During this same time period, the share of prisoners ages 50 and older has nearly tripled, going from 4% in 1990 to 11% in 2005. And this does not simply reflect the aging of the overall California population  to account for general population changes, we also show corresponding age-specific incarceration rates: for the youngest group, rates increased quickly during the 90s, and have fallen somewhat since their peak in 1997. But for the oldest group, incarceration rates have increased steadily, from 59 per 100,000 in 1990 to 185 per 100,000 in 2005. Although some aging is due to prisoners serving longer sentences and aging into older age groups in prison, actual ADMISSIONS of older prisoners is also on the rise <next slide> H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.o ̍ ,0 VN (   d   c $q`   B   N\[[  )   Prisoners serving time for violent crimes have constituted the largest offense type throughout the last 15 years, and as of yearend 2005, represent a majority of the prison population at just over 50%. During the 1990s, property crimes and drug crimes alternated between the second and third most common offense types. But following the passage in 2000 of Proposition 36, mandating drug treatment rather than prison for some offenders, the share (and absolute number of prisoners serving time for drug crimes declined, slowly at first, then more rapidly and recently settling around 21% of the total. How does this shift affect prison population? H   0.k ? 80___PPT10.o ̍  0 (  ^  S q`   z  N܎[[  )   17% of prisoners were born in another country While 35% of the California ADULT population was born abroad. (based on cps 2005) Most of these prisoners were born in Mexcio, El Salvador, or Vietnam with other countries all representing less than 1% each. Notably, incarceration rates are much lower for foreign-born. In fact, the incarceration rates of foreign born Californians are about 1/3 of the inc rates for native-born.H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.p`d;00 JBP0(  0d 0 c $XK   6 03 ree#" 0e )   h2The California prison system undergoes constant change, with new admissions arriving in the system, prisoners being released from custody on parole, other prisoners having their parole revoked for technical violations or new offenses, and inmates being released from prison outright or dying in the system. This chart shows, in green, the admissions to and, in red, the releases from state prison for each year since 1990. The yellow bars are admissions minus releases, or the net gain for a given year. So, for instance, at yearend 1990, the system held about 97,000 prisoners in custody. During the next year, almost 98,000 prisoners were admitted to the system. Meanwhile, more than 93,000 prisoners left the system, resulting in a net gain of about 4,500 prisoners from the previous year (pushing the prison population to over 101,000). This pattern continued throughout most of the 1990 s with admissions slightly outpacing releases, and the prison population continued to grow. The net gain may look small but it s an average of 10,000 people, or between 5 and 10% growth per year. In 2000, releases were slightly larger than admissions and the prison population dropped slightly for a couple years, but that has since been reversed. So now let s have a look at some demographic characteristics of prisoners& <next slide> Impacts more than the 170,000 who are imprisoned currently Because 1 in 37 U.S. adults had been incarcerated at some point in their life (as of 2001) So even though prisoners, at any given point in time, represent less than 1% of the population, communities are impacted because of this high turnover (health, family, re-entry, etc). The system itself is also stressed. Source: National Corrections Reporting Program Lots of movement into & out of system. 70% recidivism rate in CA. Impacts ALL communities (1 of 37 U.S. adults, or 2.7% of population has been incarcerated, as of 2001). Affects some communities more heavily: 16.6% of Black men had been to prison, as of 2001 7.7% of Latino men had been to prison, as of 2001 If incarceration rates remain unchanged, about 1 in 3 black males and 1 in 6 Latino males are expected to go to prison during their lifetime. Source: Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001, Thomas Bonczar, BJS Special Report, August 2003.#H 0 0.k ? 3380___PPT10.RZD40 `T(  `^ ` S q`    ` N[[  )    Throughout this profile, we ll discuss some of the differences between male & female prisoners  and they do differ significantly by a few key measures, such as racial/ethnic representation and offense type. But throughout the presentation, where we don t differentiate, bear in mind that male prisoners are driving the results, as they constitute 93% of the prison population. Even though women are a relatively small share of the prison population, their imprisonment has far-reaching effects because& <next slide>H ` 0.k ? 80___PPT10.zLU <0 ^ V @ (  ^  S q`   P   N/[[  )   We ll talk about 3 policies, specifically. First, Three Strikes and You re Out law, passed in 1994, mandates a sentence of 25 years to life for felony convicts who have two prior or serious or violent felonies. An aspect of the this law that is less well known is that Second Strikers  those convicted of a felony and who have ONE prior violent or serious felony conviction have their sentence automatically doubled. California is unique among states with Three Strikes laws in that the triggering felony need not be serious or violent any felony conviction can be your second or third strike. Truth in Sentencing was a federal initiative that offered financial incentives to states who require violent offenders to serve at least 85% of their sentences. California met and adopted the guidelines in 1994. In somewhat of a contrast, the voters of California proposed and passed the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 which mandates drug treatment instead of incarceration for some non-violent drug offenders. So let s see what impact these policies have had on prisoners& <next slide> H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.n{й( ?0   , (  ^  S q`      NB e e  )   Prison pop has experienced phenomenal growth, having grown 3x faster than adult population since 1990 1990-2005 73% for prison compared to 23% for adult pop The corrections budget is a large and growing fiscal consideration for the state: Corrections expenditures increase from 1990-2006: (constant $) Per capita --$109 to $194 (78% in past 16 years; based on proposed adult corrections budget waiting for info from DOF for adult portion of $8.775 billion) Per inmate spending increased 1990-2006 --$33,592 to $42,934 Budgeted $7.2 billion for adult corrections (8.775 CDCR overall enacted)  - 6% of overall budget --4th largest general fund expenditure (1=k-12, 2=health & human svcs, 3=higher ed) And most obviously, the recent problems with the state corrections system are well documented and appear in the news almost daily. Recent problems with system --ballot measures (major policy interventions such as 3 strikes, TIS, drug treatment) --federal involvement: --Racial segregation --healthcare (federal receivership) And& we inform the conversation about prisoners in the following ways $LmH  0.k ? 80___PPT10.{c@0 =5(  ^  S q`   /  NG e e  )   Use datasets from disparate sources: CA Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation, 1990-2005, information on inmates race, sex, age, nativity, offense & sentence type, etc. Survey of Inmates in State & Federal Correctional Facilities (CA sample=~150,000), 1997 National Corrections Reporting Program (1990-2002) In combining these data, we provide a fuller, more accessible profile than is available elsewhere. CDCR produces regular population reports but make no attempt to analyze the data. Examine effects of legislation on prison population over the past 15 years. --Three Strikes & TIS --Prop 36 has changed the composition of prisoners H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.{ qEC0 jb0(  d  c $q`   V  Nx[[  )T  <4___PPT9 |"Currently, almost a fifth of prisoners are essentially permanent residents of the system  those serving death sentences, life without parole, life sentences, and the 3rd strikers (who serve 25 years to life) constitute nearly 20% of the total. Another 21% are Second Strikers, serving twice the sentence they would ordinarily have served, and the remainder, 59% are serving sentences of a determinate length (e.g., a sentence of 35 months, including the possibility of parole before then). Note that over a quarter are serving sentences handed down under Three Strikes law, which unambiguously lengthens the sentence for a given felony conviction. So what crimes did prisoners commit? <next slide> Source: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Dec. 31, 2005 >0 " d2hH  0.k ? 80___PPT10.oQ_G0 o(  d  c $q`     N}[[  )   5!Transition to next slide : growthH  0.k ? 80___PPT10.zLUK0 w 8(  8^ 8 S q`   q 8 N^M^M  )   This is made clearer by examining age-specific rates of admission into the system: The rates for each group up to age 39 exhibit moderate overall fluctuation throughout the decade, while rates for each group 40 and over all increase dramatically. Particularly notable are ages 40-49, nearly doubling form about 300 per 100,000 in the population in 1990 to about 600 in 2002, and in the process surpassing the admission rate for the under 25 age group.H 8 0.k ? 80___PPT10.ZP>M0 |tP H (  Hd H c $q`   h H NX[[  )   Here we see that growth in the prison population has outpaced that of the overall state population. Grew 3 times faster since 1990. Currently, there are about 170,000 people in state prison. And while 170,000 people is a large number, it s important to understand that the number of people involved in the system in a given year is much larger& H H 0.k ? 80___PPT10.oXk: N0   hJ (  h^ h S q`    h N^M^M  )   Imprisonment affects a greater number of people than just those individuals imprisoned. In fact, two-thirds of women in prison are mothers of children under the age of 18; one-third of women in prison were living with a minor child at the time of their arrest. Among men, the numbers are high as well, as over half are fathers of minor children and about one-quarter of men in prison were living with children at the time of their arrest. (note: these are as % of the total prison pop  for mothers, ~50% were living with children, ~42% of fathers) This is important because children whose parents have been incarcerated are more likely to serve time in prison. Our data seem to corroborate this connection over half of women in California prisons have an immediate family member (that is, parent, child, sibling, or spouse) who has also been incarcerated, as do a sizable share of men. Criminologists have noted that young people are the most likely to commit crimes, so let s look at prisoner s ages. <next slide>H h 0.k ? 80___PPT10.^i(O0 0( x(  x^ x S q`   " x N(^M^M  )   xThe statewide incarceration rate is 616 per 100,000 adults in California. Here we look at the counties committing prisoners to the correctional system  this is usually the county where the crime occurred. We see that the counties shaded in medium orange send prisoners into the system at rates similar to the that for the state as a whole. Counties in white or lighter orange, including wealthier and coastal counties, have much lower incarceration rates, while poorer counties in the central valley contribute prisoners at much higher than average rates. All the darkest-shaded counties have incarceration rates over 1,000 per 100,000. Looking at prison growth by region, we see& <next slide>H x 0.k ? 80___PPT10.a ZQ0 @ j(  d  c $q`     NX[[  )   0Review demographic findings: Prison population growing quickly Experiencing rapid turnover Young and middle-aged prisoners are overrepresented in the system We ve also seen that While Latinos constitute the largest racial/ethnic group, African Americans have by far the highest incarceration rates in the state. Prisoners are not typically well-educated and come disproportionately from the poorer and inland regions of the state Now, we d like to examine how this profile has been affected by recent policy interventions. H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.zLUT0 d\ (  d  c $q`   P  N[[  )   Having looked at the profile of the static prison population and At some of the changes subsequent to recent policy interventions, I d like to close by highlighting THREE results of our research, Identifying some concerns that these results bring up, and Discussing where they might lead us in future treatments of this population. H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.zLUU0 4, (  ^  S q`   &  N^M^M  )   |We ve seen that upwards of 120,000 prisoners are released from the corrections system each year (and about the same number enters). High turnover among prisoners prompts a few concerns: First, the administrative costs of processing these releases (and admissions) is considerable Second, the sheer number of releases, combined with the state s high rate of recidivism, prompts concern about these individual s ability to integrate into the local economy and avoid returning to prison. Third, the prevalence of communicable disease in prisons raises concerns about public health in the communities to which prisoners return or relocate  prisoners bring health problems back to their communities. H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.z-V0 ZR (  ^  S q`   L  N^M^M  )   Next, we see that consideration of the families of prisoners expands the number of people affected by the prison system to a much wider set of demographics. This raises the issue of children s care while their parents are incarcerated  is there a capable family member, do they go into foster care, become wards of the state & ? And it begs a focus on re-entry: a healthy successful re-entry into civilian life directly affects children s well-being. We need to keep in mind that SMALL communities are affected by these high rates of incarceration and return  people are imprisoned from and return to specific neighborhoods where imprisonment is not unusual. Prisoners are not scattered evenly throughout the state.H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.z-[0  (  d  c $q`     N[[  )   XDWe see that .. Among regions with the most rapid population growth, we see even more rapid prison population growth. The Inland Empire, the fastest-growing region of the state, witnessed prison population growth over 200% from 1990 to 2005  more than quadruple its overall population growth rates during that time. Similarly, the South Coasts prison population growth was quadruple its adult population growth over this time period. Prison growth in the San Joaquin Valley was more than double its population growth. By contrast, and now we re looking at the bottom 2 rows of the table, the Bay Area s contribution to prison growth slightly exceeded its population growth And Los Angeles County s contribution increased by 45%, triple its overall growth but far below that of the inland areas.H  0.k ? 80___PPT10.o ̍  \0  "(  d  c $q`   ~  NH/^M^M  )   Finally, we have seen that longer sentences, increased stringency, and elevated admission rates among older prisoners are resulting in an ever-older prison population. Given the federally-acknowledge crisis in the prison s health care system, this merits special consideration. It has been estimated that administrative costs for elderly prisoners are 2-3 times those for younger prisoners, and medical care is a large part of the difference. How will the state prison system address these likely-elevating costs while under pressure to demonstrate that it is ready to re-take control of its health care system from the appointed federal receiver? And finally, what other programs (literacy, vocational, GED) are likely to suffer as a result of the need to spend more on health care? How will this affect prisoner s prospects for employment or recidivism upon release? 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IZs2 wPPIC .--'--$?@@??--b--$@AA@@---'@"Arial-.  2 )5Who..  2 (4Who.-@"Arial-.  2 )D..  2 (C.-@"Arial-. 2 )F s in Prison?.. 2 (E s in Prison?.-@"Arial-. F2 1 *The Changing Demographics of Incarceration.. F2 0*The Changing Demographics of Incarceration.-@"Arial-. 2 S; Amanda Bailey.. 2 R: Amanda Bailey.-@"Arial-. ?2 ^ %Public Policy Institute of California.. ?2 ]%Public Policy Institute of California.-՜.+,D՜.+,p,    CustomPPICmud "Times New RomanArialSymbol RANDsymbolBoard BriefingMicrosoft Graph Chart=Whos in Prison? The Changing Demographics of Incarceration Why Study Prisoners?Our ContributionOutlineIPrison Population Has Grown Three Times as Rapidly as General Population4The Prison Population Undergoes Tremendous Turnover:Men Constitute 93% of the States Adult Prison Population#Imprisonment Affects Many FamiliesAYoung and Middle-Aged Adults are Overrepresented among PrisonersGLatinos Constitute the Largest Race/Ethnic Group among Male PrisonersABut Incarceration Rates are Far Higher for African-American Men0One in Six Prisoners Was Born Outside the U.S.-Most Prisoners Have Little Formal Education;Inland and Poorer Counties Have Higher Incarceration Rates"Inland Areas Contribution RisingOutline+Legislation that Affects Prison Population=A Fifth of Prisoners are Permanent Residents of the SystemPPrisoners Serving Time for Violent Crimes Increasing in Share, Absolute Numbers-Prop. 36 Provisions Could Affect Women MoreGEmergence of Strikers Shifts Prison Population Into Longer SentencesPrison Population is Aging3Admission Rates Increasing Among Older Age GroupsOutlineFinding: High Turnover Rates$Finding: Many Families are Affected$Finding: Prison Population Is Aging Thank you  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles(X` _PID_HLINKS_NewReviewCycleAdhttp://www.ppic.org/&_Leigh WhittierLeigh Whittier  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesMCurrent UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document( DocumentSummaryInformation8